Gynecological diseases: from types and symptoms to diagnostic methods and treatment. Gynecological infections in women, symptoms, treatment Female infections gynecology symptoms

Men can be carriers of infections without knowing it. In women, signs of infection appear faster, but many women for a long time do not attach much importance to the change in the color and smell of the discharge, and turn to a gynecologist only when the infection has already reached an advanced stage. Usually infection occurs through sexual contact. Let's look at the causative agents of infections, as well as symptoms and treatment methods in more detail.

What are the types of gynecological infections?

Gynecological infection occurs against the background of penetration of a foreign microorganism, that is, the causative agent of the disease.
In gynecology, there are such infections:

The causative agent is Neisseria gonorrhoeae - gonococcus. The route of transmission is sexual. In very, very rare cases, infection occurs through household means. The fact is that this pathogen loses its viability outside the human body.

After infection, the cervix, urethra, and rectum are affected. Features of the symptoms are purulent discharge of a yellowish or greenish tint from the genitourinary tract, itching and burning in the urethra after sexual intercourse and during urination (especially in the morning after sleep). But often there are no signs at all. If gonorrhea is not treated promptly, various symptoms develop. Infertility is also possible due to the formation of adhesions in and inflammation of the uterine tissue.

The causative agent is Chlamydia trachomatis - chlamydia. The method of transmission is sexual (infection also occurs during anal intercourse). Just as in the previous case, household infection is unlikely. Chlamydia affects the urethra and rectum. The symptoms are sluggish, so many people do not even suspect the course of the disease. Among the complications include inflammatory processes in the genitourinary organs. This is not only acute or chronic cystitis or urethritis, but also salpingitis, endometriosis and other diseases that lead to infertility.

The causative agents are Mycoplasma genitalium and mycoplasma hominis - mycoplasmas. Transmitted sexually. For these microbacteria, the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, genitourinary organs, and larynx is considered a favorable environment. There are no signs, so the pathology is discovered by chance after diagnosis by PCR. Complications – pyelonephritis, bacterial vaginosis, inflammatory processes in the uterus and appendages.

The causative agents are Ureaplasma urealyticum and ureaplasma parvum - ureaplasma. The route of transmission is sexual. Microbacteria live in the mucous membranes of the genital organs. The course of the disease is asymptomatic. In the absence of adequate treatment, complications arise in the form of inflammatory processes and infertility. Infection during pregnancy is especially dangerous, as miscarriage or infection of the fetus is possible.

5. Trichomoniasis.

The causative agent is Trichomonas vaginalis. Transmitted only through sexual contact. However, there is a risk of infection during oral and anal sex through wet objects. The bacterium prefers a moist environment, so it can remain on a towel for several hours.

Features of symptoms: pain during sexual intercourse and during urination, irritation and redness of the genitals. Discharge of yellow and green color, foamy structure, with an unpleasant odor. The disease is dangerous during pregnancy, as it most often leads to premature birth. Complications include erosive lesions.

6. Herpes is genital.

The causative agent is herpes simplex virus type 2. on the lips cannot cause rashes on the genitals. The route of transmission of genital herpes is genital and anal. Distinctive symptoms are the formation of bubbles with liquid on the skin of the genitals. Later they burst, forming ulcers.

The disease is completely incurable; a relapse is possible, which does not manifest itself as acutely as during the initial infection. The most dangerous consequences of the disease occur during primary infection with genital herpes during pregnancy.

7. Bacterial vaginosis (another name for the pathology is gardnerellosis).

The causative agent is Gardnerella vaginalis. Infection is excluded through sexual contact, because this disease occurs against the background of disturbed microflora in the vagina. In simple terms, when the number of beneficial bacteria in a woman’s vagina decreases, then gardnerella begins to actively multiply.

Factors for the development of the disease:

• change of sexual partner;
• frequent douching;
• taking antibiotics;
• use of certain contraceptives.

Pathology manifests itself in the form of white or gray discharge and an unpleasant odor. Complications are inflammatory processes leading to infertility or fetal death.

8. Candidiasis (another name for the disease is thrush).

The causative agent is the fungus Candida. Pathology occurs against the background of weakened immunity. Most often this is due to taking antibacterial drugs, pregnancy, frequent colds, etc. Thrush is transmitted through sexual contact. Features of manifestations: curdled white discharge from the vagina, itching and burning in the genitals, pain when urinating. Does not lead to dangerous complications.

The causative agent is cytomegalovirus. Infection occurs through sexual contact or kissing. But you can also become infected at home, mainly through saliva. For example, while eating from one spoon. Symptoms are mild or absent altogether.

Pathogens: more than 100 strains, but in gynecology only No. 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35. The course of the disease is practically asymptomatic, so pathology is detected extremely rarely. Diseases: genital warts, cancer tumors in the cervix, vagina, anus, skin.

Methods of infection and types of infections

So, pathogens can be transmitted in the following ways:

• through any sexual contact;
• through blood (during blood transfusions, injections, dental procedures, manicures if sterility is not maintained);
• transmissible - through insect bites;
• oral-fecal or vaginal-fecal – through anal sex and/or neglect of personal hygiene rules;
• airborne;
• through water;
• contact (handshakes, etc.);
• through everyday objects.

Gynecological infections are divided into: kinds:

• The sexually transmitted form is characterized by diseases of the genital organs, which are transmitted primarily through sexual contact. These are pathologies such as syphilis, gonorrhea, chancre, lymphogranulomatosis. Infection occurs exclusively from humans.
• , that is, sexually transmitted diseases. But this does not mean that you cannot become infected in other ways. Infection can also occur through blood. Diseases: AIDS, hepatitis B.
• Diseases that occur due to infection by bacteria that are found in other internal organs. Any method of transmission: penetration into the genitals from other organs (respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, etc.), sexual tract, dirty hands, etc. Diseases: endometritis, colpitis.

Symptoms

General symptoms:

• discharge from the vagina or penis;
• pain in the lower abdomen, perineum, genitals;
• odor specificity;
• change in the structure of discharge;
• bubble formation;
• burning and itching;
• discomfort during sexual intercourse;

At the first symptoms, be sure to consult a gynecologist, as many diseases lead to dangerous complications.

Possible complications and consequences

The complications and consequences of each disease are different, but there are some common ones:

• psycho-emotional disorders;
• decreased quality of intimate life;
• development of chronic diseases;
• miscarriages, fetal death;
• erosions and ulcers;
• transfer of infection to other internal systems;
• development of cancer.

This video describes the possible consequences of gynecological infections if left untreated, and also explains how and why they can lead to infertility.

Diagnostics

Mandatory diagnostic measures:

• A bacterioscopic examination involves taking a smear for flora. This is done by a gynecologist. This type of diagnosis allows you to determine the level of leukocytes, and it is always elevated during inflammatory processes.
• Extended research includes scraping, bacterial culture and PCR. Culture determines sensitivity to antibiotics, scraping, ELISA and PCR identify the pathogen. Cancer cells are detected using a Pap test.
• In some cases, a biopsy is performed - tissue samples are taken from the vagina or cervix.
• Blood tests are needed to determine the pathogen and immunity status at the time of illness.

The patient should take laboratory tests during an exacerbation, not a remission. The family member who has symptoms is examined, but treatment is prescribed to both sexual partners.

Treatment with traditional methods

For gynecological infection, the main treatment regimen is always used - antibacterial, that is, antibiotics are used that suppress the pathogen. The doctor must also prescribe auxiliary medications that neutralize the negative effects of antibiotics, prevent the development of complications, eliminate symptoms and support the body.

Medicines are taken orally in the form of tablets, injected and applied externally. External remedies and suppositories are aimed only at relieving pain, itching, burning and other manifestations.

What does it look like drug therapy:

• Antibiotics are prescribed depending on the disease and the type of pathogen. If bacterial vaginosis is detected, antibiotics with metronidazole or clindamycin are used. It could be Cleocin or Flagyl. For candidiasis, antifungal therapy is used: Diflucan, Monistat, Sporanox and Fluconazole. If there is a yeast infection, then preference is given to the drug Clotrimazole. Nystatin medications (Mikostatin), as well as Viferon, Macmiror, Terzhinan, Nystatin, Genferon, Polygynax, Acyclovir, Betadine, Iodoxide, can be prescribed. Hexicon is considered universal. For each pathogen, there is a specific drug, which is prescribed exclusively by the attending doctor.
• While taking antibiotics, vaginal dysbiosis often occurs. In this case, appropriate means are used.
• If there is an inflammatory process, anti-inflammatory therapy is prescribed.
• Immunomodulators and vitamin premixes can strengthen the immune system.
• If necessary, hormonal levels are corrected.

The minimum course of therapy is 3 days, the maximum is 15-20 days. If there are relapses, the doctor will prescribe additional treatment with vaginal suppositories, which lasts 5-6 months.

During the treatment period, you should not drink alcoholic beverages or eat sweets, as these products create a favorable environment for almost all pathogens.

Folk remedies

Additionally, you can use traditional medicine recipes:

• Propolis is used as an antibiotic. You can make a tincture at home. Grind 50 grams of the product, pour propolis with clean water in a volume of 50-70 ml and place on low heat. The water temperature should not exceed 80 degrees, so the tincture should simmer. Cooking time – 60 minutes. After cooling, strain the liquid and pour into a bottle. Leave for 3 days and then strain off the sediment again. Take daily in the dosage prescribed by your doctor.
• For vaginosis, make a lemon decoction. Peel the lemon zest, which will be used for the product. Grind the lemon peel and pour into a thermos. Add 20 grams of dry yarrow there. Separately, make a rosehip decoction according to the standard recipe. Pour the boiling broth into a thermos and leave for several hours. Take half a glass daily.
• It is useful to douche with a decoction of milk and garlic. For 0.5 liters of milk, prepare a small head of vegetable – peeled and chopped. Place on the fire and cook for 7 minutes. When the liquid has cooled, you can douche.
• It is useful to wash with ordinary laundry soap (brown) and soda solution.
• If infected, you need to eat garlic every day.
• You can also make garlic candles. Peel the garlic and chop very finely, wrap the resulting mass in gauze, forming a tampon. Insert into the vagina for 2 hours.
• Do douching with decoctions of calendula and chamomile.

Prevention measures

Preventive actions:

• Do not change sexual partners frequently.
• Maintain hygiene measures.
• Avoid hygiene products containing fragrances.
• Use only sterile pads and tampons.
• If you do not have problems with the gynecological organs, you do not need to douche excessively. The fact is that this leads to the leaching of beneficial bacteria from the vagina, which disrupts the microflora. But many bacteria begin to multiply precisely in such conditions.
• Don't wear underwear that you just bought. Be sure to wash it thoroughly.
• When using intimate toys, make sure they are disinfected.
• Wearing a wet swimsuit is also harmful, since there are bacteria for which a damp habitat is the main one.

You learned about the most common gynecological infections, methods of diagnosis and treatment, and their consequences. Therefore, it is better to adhere to preventive rules than to get rid of complications later. After any sign appears, immediately go to the gynecologist. Only early diagnosis will avoid infertility.

Next article.

The human immune system is able to withstand a lot of stress and influence, but against the backdrop of environmental ill-being, daily high stress readiness and an accelerated rhythm of life, its abilities are noticeably reduced.

The body becomes vulnerable to the penetration of bacteria and viruses, which is why frequent diseases, viral and bacterial infections attack.

Some infectious diseases are considered the most insidious due to the fact that the symptoms accompanying their course are hidden and illnesses do not bring noticeable discomfort and inconvenience to a person. But their destructive effect on the body gradually leads to complex and dangerous health consequences.

Stages and signs of development of hidden pathology

Bacterial infections in women, unfortunately, are not a rare occurrence, since the ways in which viruses enter the body are varied, and the bacteria themselves become increasingly latent in the female microenvironment. Some infections in gynecology appear immediately after entering the body, proceed violently, and are accompanied by severe symptoms.

But hidden viral diseases have a much more insidious and destructive effect on women and their reproductive health due to their unpredictability.

They can destroy the reproductive health of women themselves, be transmitted to partners and cause pathologies in them as well. After entering the body, the infection goes through several stages in its development:

Gradually, the process becomes chronic, provoking inflammatory exacerbations and gynecological pathologies in women.

Despite the fact that latent infectious pathologies pose a danger precisely because in some cases they are asymptomatic until a certain period, minor and erased first symptoms of these processes can be diagnosed. The following signs indicate the presence of infection:

If the symptoms begin to appear simultaneously and become an “obsessive” problem, then we can say that the causative agent of the disease is present.

Classification of diseases

Hidden infections in obstetric and gynecological practice are noted by the fact that they are often combined with each other, aggravating and provoking inflammatory complications. There are several such infections; they are united by an asymptomatic or mildly manifested course.

Hidden infections	Pathogen	Features of the course, symptoms	Consequences
Chlamydia	Chlamydia	Asymptomatic. Minor discomfort in the genital area. Bacterial lesions of the tonsils and pharynx.	Infertility. Inflammatory pathologies of the reproductive organs. Reiter's disease.
Mycoplasmosis	Mycoplasma	Asymptomatic. Scanty discharge and symptoms of cystitis in women.	Infertility. Inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs in women. Risk of miscarriage. Development of intrauterine infection.
Ureaplasmosis	Mycoplasma	Asymptomatic. Frequent urination. Scanty discharge.	Inflammatory pathologies in women. Threat of pathological pregnancy and complicated childbirth.
Gardnerellosis	Anaerobic bacteria (gardnerella)	Asymptomatic. Discharge with a specific odor.	Complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Infection of a newborn during childbirth.
Cytomegalovirus	Herpes virus	Asymptomatic. Transition to a progressive stage when exposed to provoking factors	Pathologies and malformations of the fetus. Inflammatory processes and erosive pathologies of the vagina in women.
Herpesvirus genital infection	Herpes virus	Asymptomatic. Minor rashes, itching, discomfort in the genital area.	Congenital fetal defects. Spontaneous abortion. Premature birth. Infection of the fetus during childbirth.

Despite the fact that anaerobic bacteria, viruses and microorganisms, once on the mucous membranes of the reproductive system, begin to actively multiply and function, the symptoms of infection may not be felt for many years.

A provoking factor for the exacerbation of complications that cause hidden fungal or anaerobic infections is considered to be suppression of the immune system against the background of:

1. Pregnancy and childbearing.
2. Viral diseases.
3. Impact of adverse factors and stressful situations.

Important! Most often, hidden female infections make themselves felt already at the stage of pregnancy and gestation. This is why specialists pay attention to the fact that such infectious diseases are especially dangerous for the health of the fetus.

Detection of pathology and diagnosis

Fungal, anaerobic and bacterial infections that are asymptomatic are quite difficult to identify. Experts point out that simple tests may not show pathology, so patients are prescribed special tests already at the stage of pregnancy planning or if hidden genital threats are suspected.

To obtain a reliable picture of the pathological process, tests are performed according to a special scheme and principle. Female infectious diseases are transmitted sexually, but can also be transmitted if hygiene rules are not followed.

The hidden and asymptomatic course of the pathological process interferes with timely and adequate diagnosis, therefore, when taking tests, you should follow a number of simple rules:

1. The appropriate time for collecting biomaterial is the fifth or sixth day of the cycle.
2. Refusal to take antibiotics, antimicrobial and antiviral drugs.
3. A couple of days before the test, you should avoid sexual intercourse.
4. A day before collecting the material, you should stop using antiseptics, douches, and intimate hygiene products.

Features of therapeutic effects

The presence of one or several pathologies at once will help identify a smear for hidden infections.

Gynecologists prefer this type of diagnostic study, since this analysis has a number of advantages:

• promotes accurate identification of the infectious agent;
• directly determines the viral agent, while a number of laboratory tests can only determine the decay products of the viral pathogen;
• For an adequate diagnosis, a small amount of test material is sufficient.

Doctors use special disposable instruments – brushes – to collect material. The material taken from the vagina is placed on a special glass and part of it is placed in a test tube. In this way, material is provided for both microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction research.

Diseases of the reproductive system or so-called gynecological diseases are the most common among women. Depending on the type of pathogen, they can be inflammatory, venereal and tumor-like. Not all women immediately react to the appearance of minor symptoms of gynecological diseases; many delay a visit to the gynecologist for a long time and trigger the disease.

Meanwhile, before woman consults a doctor, the greater the chance she has to completely get rid of her health problem. This is especially true in cases where the pathological process is malignant. For timely detection of gynecological disease, every woman under 30 years of age should visit a gynecologist at least once a year, and those older - once every 6 months. In addition, in order to prevent serious health problems, it is necessary to have a general understanding of the symptoms of gynecological diseases.

The most common symptoms of genital diseases in women- pain in the lower abdomen, vaginal discharge, itching, burning and menstrual irregularities.

Let's look at each of them separately:
1. Lower abdominal pain. Pain in the lower abdomen caused by inflammatory diseases, as a rule, is aching, as during menstruation, and acute and paroxysmal pain signals a rupture of the fallopian tube, twisting of the cyst, ectopic pregnancy and serious problems with the ovaries. Cramping pain most often occurs during miscarriages or changes in the condition of a fibromatous node in the uterine cavity. "Gnawing" pain during sleep can be a symptom of cervical cancer, endometriosis and advanced uterine fibroids. Most women experience pain in the lower abdomen during days 1-3 of menstruation, and their nature can vary from moderate to severe. Severe menstrual pain is usually observed in girls during adolescence, when their cycles just begin. And in women over 24 years of age, severe menstrual pain is usually a symptom of hormonal imbalance in the body.

2. Vaginal discharge. In addition to the onset of menstruation, the cause of women's appearance can be inflammatory, infectious and viral diseases of the genital organs, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, cysts and the onset of menopause. The color of vaginal discharge can be white, red, brown-yellow, dark brown and gray. Normally, women should not have any vaginal discharge between menstruation, except for slight transparent leucorrhoea. And the discharge of leucorrhoea is a normal phenomenon, it is observed in every woman. Therefore, do not be upset if you find yellowish stains from discharge on your underwear. These are leucorrhoea, they do not cause any discomfort and have no odor, and before ovulation their quantity usually increases. However, an unpleasant odor and bloody vaginal discharge between periods is an alarming symptom. If they are creamy-white in color and cause itching and burning in the vulva area, then these are signs of thrush - the most common gynecological disease. But these same symptoms can also be observed with vulvovaginitis, an inflammatory disease of the genital organs.

Reason monthly bleeding Between menstruation, endometriosis and uterine fibroids most often occur, but these diseases can also be asymptomatic. Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women over 40 may indicate the onset of perimenopause. For any changes in the color, quantity, consistency and smell of vaginal discharge, you should consult a gynecologist; only he can determine its nature and prescribe treatment.

3. Itching and burning of the external genitalia. These symptoms most often occur with infectious gynecological diseases that are sexually transmitted. For example, with gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydia and candidiasis(). But diseases of viral etiology, such as human papillomavirus, HIV and genital herpes, can also cause itching and burning of the vulva. Sometimes discomfort and unpleasant sensations in the genitals occur due to the development of purulent-inflammatory diseases, diabetes mellitus and the onset of menopause.

4. Menstrual irregularities. Menstrual irregularities include amenorrhea or absence of menstruation, a decrease or increase in cycle length, scanty periods and heavy bleeding. They can be caused by hormonal and endocrine changes in the body. And most often, menstrual irregularities are observed in women in the period preceding menopause.

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Inflammation of the female reproductive system is the most common reason for visiting a gynecologist. The inflammatory process is quite often asymptomatic. In this regard, many patients come to see a doctor after complications have developed. The most dangerous complications of inflammation are a high risk of ectopic pregnancy, menstrual irregularities, infertility, and the development of precancerous conditions.

Treatment of inflammatory gynecological diseases is carried out with the help of medications, physiotherapy and surgery. Competent treatment allows a woman to return to good health, pleasure from intimate relationships, and the opportunity to have children.

Symptoms of female inflammatory diseases

Symptoms depend on the organ affected. The following manifestations are considered common:

• redness, swelling, itching of the mucous membrane of the vulva and vagina;
• pain in the lower abdomen, in the area of ​​the external genitalia, in the pelvic area, sometimes radiating to the lower back;
• discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse, decreased libido;
• pathological discharge from the vagina - mucous or cloudy, cheesy, with gas bubbles, with an unpleasant odor and a yellowish tint;
• menstrual irregularities (scanty, heavy, painful, irregular periods);
• painful and;
• , general weakness, digestive disorders;

All these symptoms are considered good reasons to consult a gynecologist.

Causes of development of inflammatory gynecological diseases in women

Most often, the inflammatory process develops against the background of tissue infection by pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria. The following reasons increase the likelihood of developing female inflammation:

• infection Occurs during unprotected sexual contact (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, ureaplasmosis, syphilis, gonorrhea, candidiasis, human papillomavirus, etc.);
• uncontrolled use of antibacterial drugs, disrupting the normal microflora of the genital organs;
• hypothermia, failure to comply with personal hygiene rules, weakened immunity;
• and metabolism in the body;
• difficult childbirth, abortion, surgical interventions in the genital area;
• controlling the urge to urinate and defecate;
• heavy physical activity, .

Accurate determination of the cause of the development of the inflammatory process allows you to select effective treatment.

Inflammatory diseases in gynecology

Inflammation can affect different organs of the female reproductive system:

• vulva;
• vagina;
• uterus;
• ovaries;
• fallopian tubes;
• bladder.

The most common inflammatory diseases in gynecology are:

Vulvitis

Vulvitis is an inflammation of the external genitalia in women. The disease is manifested by redness, burning, itching, soreness, and swelling of the mucous membranes of the vulva. The inflammatory process usually involves the labia minora and majora, the vestibule of the vagina, and the clitoris. The disease often develops in girls of preschool and school age, causing fusion of the labia minora (synechia). The cause of vulvitis in children is poor genital hygiene, weakened immune defenses, and infections. At the first signs of discomfort in the genital area, you should consult a gynecologist.

In adult women, vulvitis most often results from sexually transmitted infections. STIs include chlamydia, gonococci, trichomonas, streptococci, yeast, etc. Contributing factors may include:

• hormonal imbalances;
• wearing tight synthetic underwear;
• poor hygiene during menstruation;
• injury to the mucous membrane and skin in the pubic area;
• long-term antibiotic therapy.

Vulvitis often develops as a complication of other female inflammatory diseases - cervicitis, endocervicitis, colpitis.

Treatment of inflammation of the external genitalia begins with taking antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Next, the patient is prescribed supportive medications that enhance immunity.

Vaginitis (colpitis)

Vaginitis (colpitis) is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. Every second woman experiences vaginitis at least once in her life. Female patients are concerned about burning, itching and discomfort during sexual intercourse. In addition, the appearance of pathological vaginal discharge is noted.

The causes of vaginitis are different - failure to comply with personal hygiene rules, allergies to underwear, latex, intimate hygiene products, wearing uncomfortable clothes, hormonal imbalances, abortions, complicated childbirth, diagnostic curettage. The most common cause of vaginitis is infection of the patient with an STI. If left untreated, microorganisms quickly move higher up the woman’s genital tract.

The basis of treatment for colpitis is antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. Physiotherapy, diet therapy, and lifestyle correction are also carried out. If necessary, the patient is prescribed concomitant supportive treatment in the form of hormone therapy, immunostimulation, and fortification of the body.

Bartholinitis

Bartholinitis is an inflammation of the Bartholin gland, which is located in a woman on the vestibule of the vagina. The disease develops when infectious pathogens penetrate the gland duct. These can be staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli, etc. In the initial stages, the pathology is manifested by edema, hyperemia, swelling of the tissues surrounding the vestibule of the vagina. Next, there is a violation of the patency of the gland duct, which leads to the development of stagnant processes that aggravate the situation. Severe forms of bartholinitis are accompanied by tissue suppuration and the development of an abscess.

Treatment of pathology includes taking antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and painkillers. In case of suppuration, an operation to open the abscess is indicated. For rehabilitation after eliminating acute symptoms, physiotherapy is prescribed.

Cervicitis

is an infectious or non-infectious inflammation of the mucous membranes of the cervix. The symptoms of the disease are determined by the form of its course - acute and chronic cervicitis are distinguished. Pathology manifests itself:

• purulent, serous or bloody vaginal discharge;
• discomfort during sex;
• swelling of the cervix;
• increase in body temperature.

Cervicitis can be asymptomatic for a long time.

The disease can be caused by chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, trichomonas, mycoplasma. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis:

• gynecological procedures (abortions, curettage, operations);
• use of local medicines,disrupting the microflora of the genital tract;
• rough sex;
• violation of intimate hygiene.

Treatment of cervicitis depends on the cause of its development.

Endometritis

Endometritis is an inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium). The disease occurs when an infection enters the uterine cavity. Pathogens can enter the uterine cavity as a result of unprotected sexual intercourse. Sometimes the infection spreads through the bloodstream from other organs. Development of pathology promotes:

• failure to comply with personal hygiene rules;
• indiscriminate change of sexual partners;
• weakening of immune defense;
• performing surgical interventions in the uterine area.

Patients complain about:

• severe pain in the lower abdomen;
• bloody or purulent vaginal discharge;
• increased body temperature;
• menstrual irregularities.

The most dangerous complication of endometritis is the spread of infection to healthy tissue. To prevent this process, it is necessary to start treatment as early as possible. This includes taking antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Refusal from sexual activity is required for the duration of treatment. If necessary, therapeutic and diagnostic hysteroscopy is performed.

Salpingoophoritis (adnexitis)

Inflammation of the uterine appendages is called salpingoophoritis and adnexitis. The inflammatory process involves tissues of the ovaries and fallopian tubes. Pathology develops as a result of tissue infection. Pathogens can penetrate into the tissue of the appendages from the uterus or through the blood and lymph. Salpingo-oophoritis can be caused by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. Associated factors – abortions, unhealthy lifestyle, intense hypothermia, especially in the legs, pelvis, lower back, immune deficiency.

Inflammation of the ovaries and fallopian tubes is usually asymptomatic. Sometimes a woman notes:

• nagging pain in the lower abdomen;
• menstrual irregularities;
• systemic malaise with high fever;
• pathological vaginal discharge.

Salpingo-oophoritis in purulent forms can lead to serious complications. After healing, adhesions and scars may form in the tissues of the ovaries and fallopian tubes. This can lead to infertility for the patient. In each case, the treatment regimen is determined individually. It always includes taking antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antihistamine drugs.

Urethritis and cystitis

Urethritis affects the urethra, and cystitis affects the bladder. These pathologies are treated jointly by a gynecologist and a urologist. The symptoms of the diseases are similar. These include:

• frequent urination;
• itching;
• discomfort;
• burning sensation when emptying the bladder;
• discomfort during sexual intercourse.

Diagnostics

To identify inflammation of the external genitalia, it is enough for the gynecologist to conduct a survey and examination of the patient. If the inflammatory process affects the internal organs of the reproductive system, additional studies are carried out:

• Microscopic examination – this is the study of biological material from a smear under a powerful microscope to identify infectious pathogens;
• – is based on placing biological tissues in a favorable nutrient environment. This leads to the growth of colonies. Next, a microscopic examination of the colonies is carried out. This helps to accurately determine the type of microorganisms, as well as assess the sensitivity of pathogens to antibiotics.
• Serological tests – detection of specific antibodies to viruses and bacteria in the patient’s blood. One of the most informative methods of this group is enzyme immunoassay.
• Molecular genetic methods – the most accurate method for diagnosing infectious pathogens. It is based on the extraction of DNA of microorganisms from the patient’s biological material. The most common and informative method of this group is PCR diagnostics (polymerase chain reaction). The technique is based on repeated copying of individual sections of the pathogen's DNA for further identification.
• – This study allows you to examine the internal organs of the woman’s reproductive system. Using ultrasound, the specialist evaluates the structure of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and bladder. Inflammation is manifested by a change in the normal structure of tissues.
• Endoscopic examinations – These techniques make it possible to examine the tissues of the internal genital organs using high-resolution video cameras and powerful optical equipment. Inflammation is determined during colposcopy, hysteroscopy, cystoscopy, urethroscopy, laparoscopy.

Treatment of inflammatory gynecological diseases in women

The treatment regimen is determined by the cause of the inflammation. Infectious pathologies are treated by taking antibacterial drugs. Antibiotics and antivirals can be used in tablet form or as topical treatments. To relieve symptoms, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, and painkillers are additionally prescribed. If the cause of inflammation is hormonal disorders, the endocrine balance is corrected. To further strengthen the immune system, immunomodulators and vitamins are prescribed.

After acute symptoms have been eliminated, physiotherapy is prescribed for rehabilitation. If adhesions and scars have formed in the pelvic organs, their dissection is carried out surgically.

The University Clinic medical center has a modern gynecology department. Experienced doctors will provide qualified assistance in the treatment of inflammation of the genital organs in women.

Gynecological diseases are diseases of the female genital organs. The most common diseases are caused by reasons such as infections, injuries and hormonal imbalances. These diseases include pelvic pain, inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina or vulva, and benign tumors of the uterus, such as fibroids.

Quite often, gynecological diseases are associated with menstruation - for example, premenstrual syndrome and pain during menstruation (dysmenorrhea). Although some disorders may be mild and go away without special treatment, others, such as infectious inflammation, are dangerous to health and require qualified help.

Pelvic pain

The pelvic area, which contains the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina, bladder and rectum, is the lowest part of the torso; it is located below the abdominal cavity and is formed by the ischial and pubic bones, the sacrum and the coccyx. Women often experience pain in this area. These pains vary in type and intensity, and their cause is sometimes difficult to determine.

Pain in the pelvic area is often, but not always, associated with diseases of the genital organs. The causes of pain can also be due to diseases of the intestines or urinary tract. Mental factors often subjectively intensify the feeling of pain or even provoke it in the absence of an organic disease.

Diagnostics

When a woman suddenly develops severe pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic area, the doctor must quickly decide to what extent the patient's condition is an emergency, that is, requiring emergency surgery. Examples of emergency conditions are acute appendicitis, perforation (perforation) of a stomach ulcer, torsion of an ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy and rupture of the fallopian tube.

A doctor can often determine the cause of pain based on signs such as the nature of the pain (for example, sharp or aching), under what circumstances and how suddenly it appeared, how long it lasts, and where it is located. Additional symptoms, such as fever, nausea, or vomiting, may help your doctor make a diagnosis. Information about the timing of pain and its relationship to eating, sleeping, sexual intercourse, movement, urination and bowel movements can also be very helpful.

If there is pain in the pelvic area, an internal gynecological examination is always performed. It allows the doctor to determine which organs are affected and whether there is an infection. Laboratory tests, such as a complete blood count, urinalysis, and pregnancy test, look for internal bleeding, infection, or ectopic pregnancy. An ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the internal organs may be needed. Sometimes, to determine the cause of the pain, a procedure called diagnostic laparoscopy is performed, which uses a fiber optic system to view and examine the abdomen and pelvic organs.

What are the causes of pelvic pain

Related to the genitals

• Pain in the middle of the menstrual cycle caused by ovulation
• Large ovarian cysts or their rupture
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs
• Torsion of ovarian cyst
• Fallopian tube rupture
• Vascular congestion in the pelvic organs (varicose veins of the pelvis)
• Uterine fibroids
• Endometriosis

Not related to the genitals

• Appendicitis
• Mesenteric lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes in the mesentery, connecting the organs to the abdominal wall)
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines)
• Diverticulitis (inflammation of one or more diverticula, which are small abnormal protrusions in the colon)
• Ileitis (inflammation of part of the small intestine)
• Renal colic is a pain in the side usually caused by an obstruction (partial blockage) in the urinary tract
• Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder)

Diagnosis and treatment

A doctor can usually make a diagnosis during a pelvic examination. The diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasound examination (ultrasound). An endometrial biopsy (removal of tissue from the lining of the uterus for examination under a microscope), hysteroscopy (examination of the uterine cavity using a fiber optic system) and a Pap test are performed to exclude the presence of a malignant tumor of the uterus.

Most patients with uterine fibroids do not require treatment, but observation, monitoring and examination every 6-12 months is considered mandatory. Surgical removal of fibroids is indicated when the tumor increases in size or severe symptoms appear. A woman may be prescribed hormonal medications for several months before surgery to reduce the size of fibroids. During pregnancy, surgery is usually not performed because it can lead to spontaneous abortion and significant blood loss. Removal (extirpation) of the entire fibrotic uterus is performed in case of heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding and the development of severe symptoms such as acute severe pain, rapid tumor growth, torsion of nodes, malnutrition and necrosis of fibroids.